William Wells Brown

BY JAMEY KEATEN
WIRE SERVICE CORRESPONDENT

PARIS (AP) – Any American with even a slight familiarity with Paris knows about Josephine Baker, the black swivel-hipped cabaret entertainer who shunned racism in America, vaulted to stardom here in 1925, and stayed on to become one of France’s most adored 20th century icons.
But what about William Wells Brown, the 19th-century former slave turned abolitionist who once expressed awe that he could pray next to whites at La Madeleine church, or that some tipped their hat to him on Paris streets? Both historical figures feature high in Black Paris Tours, offering a glimpse of the mutual love affair between black Americans and the City of Light.
Tour guide Ricki Stevenson let me tag along as she escorted four black tourists from Texas, who braved the weak U.S. dollar and a chilly and wet winter day as part of a birthday-celebration getaway
They chose the full-day option, $129 per person for a trek zigzagging through offbeat areas like the Parc Monceau, where poet Langston Hughes once lived in maid’s chambers, or a bustling, working-class area that Stevenson dubs “Little Africa.”
Stevenson, an Oklahoma native and former TV journalist, has more than enough material to work with: Even after an information-packed tour lasting nine hours, I couldn’t help thinking we had only scratched the surface.
The tour was especially eyeopening in France, where minorities from the substantial black and North African communities – often with origins in former French colonies – are not quantified in the census. The state considers everyone simply French, in its bid to be officially colorblind and stem discrimination. (In practice, though, North African immigrants and their children do complain of discrimination, and riots broke out in immigrant areas in 2005.) American blacks in France, though, are a category unto themselves. “In many ways, African Americans came to France as a sort of privileged minority, a kind of model minority, if you will – a group that benefited not only from French fascination with blackness, but a French fascination about Americanness,” said
Tyler Stovall, a history professor of the University of California, Berkeley. “Jazz comes to France at roughly the same time as Hollywood movies – both are embraced enthusiastically.”
Baker, who dazzled Paris audiences with her skimpy outfits and banana skirts, gets high billing in this tour. But so do jazz greats like Sidney Bechet, a longtime Paris resident, and the allblack 369th Regiment of World War I best known as the Harlem Hellfighters.
Paris tours about black history have come and gone, but Stevenson’s has unusual lasting power, and is now in its ninth year.
This is informal, personaltouch tourism: Don’t look for a heated tour bus or lunch included. Like everyday Parisians, you get around by Metro or – better for sightseeing – public bus. Forget the Louvre or the Eiffel Tower. After meeting at a bakery on the Champs-Elysees, we crisscrossed the Right Bank, hitting sites unlikely to be seen in standard tour guidebooks, like an Alexandre Dumas statue (his mother was Haitian), a cabaret hall where Baker was the main attraction, and an ornate hotel where W.E.B. Du Bois hosted the Pan African Congress in 1919.
Stevenson dressed up the visit with props, like a reproduction lithograph of Brown, and a jazz recording. She pointed out the architectural similarities of Paris and Washington, D.C., to better translate France for her guests.
Stevenson briefed her charges with advice on how not to ruffle Parisians – like always saying “Bonjour” to shop personnel, and not attributing slow restaurant service to racism but to the onesize-fits-all aloofness of many Paris waiters.
“ The French don’t do bacon and eggs,” she warned her guests.
“ Yeah, we found out,” said Greta Burton, 52, with a comic groan. The Dallas realtor arranged their tour day as part of a getaway in France for the 60th birthday of friend Dora (French nickname: “Marie-Claire”) Morris – along with her daughters, Angela Morris and Sonja Baty.
The first stop was the Arc de Triomphe, where the encyclopedic Stevenson said former American slaves who made it to France in the 19th century came to sense freedom beyond the reach of bounty hunters.
“ For the first time, you’re not looking over your shoulder, going, ‘Are they after me? Are they going to catch me?’” said Stevenson. “There were laws that protected the African Americans who came here.”
Stevenson cited unofficial figures indicating that up to 50,000 free blacks came here from Louisiana in the decades after Napoleon sold the territory to the United States in 1803, fearing greater restrictions under the new authorities.
The best-known wave of black Americans to France came during World War I, when some 200,000 were brought over to fight.
“ Ninety percent of these soldiers were from the South, and the idea that they could actually talk to white women without immediately being lynched was a revelation to them,” said Stovall, author of “Paris Noir: African-Americans in the City of Light,” by phone.
“ They wrote letters back home... that were often published in the black press,” he said. “That helped create this idea of France as this paradise of racial tolerance.”
After the war, many black musicians migrated to feed France’s infatuation with jazz. She packs the tour with a dose of African pride: Africans explored France before it was a country; French farmers learned skills in animal husbandry and ironmaking from Africans; Napoleon admired Hannibal, the North African general of Rome-fighting fame in antiquity, she said. She gave credence to the theory that the first model for the French-designed Statue of Liberty was a freed slave – an assertion that The AP could not confirm.
The Paris tourism office had little advice about such ethnically oriented, boutique tourism, other than to mention a tour of sites of interest to Indian visitors. Last year, the Arab World Institute in Paris began hosting a walking tour, but it’s on hold until springtime. France’s effort to ignore racial differences hasn’t succeeded in abolishing racism. Even the French anti-discrimination agency acknowledges that many young blacks and Arabs today struggle for acceptance or land jobs.
The main racism that American blacks may have felt here was of the imported variety, brought by American whites. Some Paris restaurants and cafes set up “whiteonly” and “black only” sections in the late 1920s – at the behest of white American patrons, Stovall said. Undaunted by being crammed next to me on a rush-hour Paris subway, Dora Morris said she liked the tour’s slice-of-life feeling.
“ Most tours don’t put you into actual life ... We were seeing things, we were learning historic things, but we’re part of the mainstream,” said Morris, a retired elementary school teacher. “You want to see how people really live.”
For her daughters, it was the learning experience that counted. “These are things you read about in the history books ... Ricki’s able to fill in some gaps,” said Baty, a 40-year-old software consultant. “I honestly had no idea that so many African Americans were involved in the history of France.”

For more, please subscribe to the Columbus Post.